docs: update all file headers to reflect current optimization state
Stale documentation from earlier iterations was referencing algorithms and performance numbers that are no longer current: Point.kt: - Updated SCALAR MULTIPLICATION section to document all three strategies: 1. Comb method for mulG (3 doublings + ~43 additions, 704-entry table) 2. GLV+wNAF-5 for mul (arbitrary point, ~130 dbl + ~22 adds) 3. Strauss+GLV+wNAF for mulDoubleG (4 streams, shared ~130 doublings) - Removed stale "4-bit windowed method" and "[1G..16G] table" descriptions Secp256k1.kt: - Updated performance numbers: verify ~3,700, sign ~14K, create ~18K ops/s - Noted that all algorithmic optimizations from libsecp256k1 are implemented - Removed stale "~2,100 verify/s" and "absence of GLV" claims U256.kt: - Updated header to describe the full package architecture with all 6 files - Added Glv.kt and file roles to the overview https://claude.ai/code/session_01BhU63WUe9AhikZxRdw3Lpg
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@@ -36,31 +36,32 @@ package com.vitorpamplona.quartz.utils.secp256k1
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//
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// The "point at infinity" (identity element) is represented by Z = 0.
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//
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// PRECOMPUTED GENERATOR TABLE
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// ===========================
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// The generator point G is used for public key creation and signature operations.
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// We precompute a table of [1G, 2G, 3G, ..., 16G] in affine form (stored as AffinePoint)
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// at first use. This table is lazily initialized and cached for the lifetime of the process.
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// Affine storage enables "mixed addition" (Jacobian + Affine), which is cheaper than
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// adding two Jacobian points because the second point's Z=1 eliminates several multiplications.
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//
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// POINT DOUBLING FORMULA
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// ======================
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// POINT DOUBLING
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// ==============
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// We use the 3M+4S formula from libsecp256k1 that computes L = (3/2)·X² using a cheap
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// field halving operation instead of a full multiplication. On the secp256k1 curve (a=0),
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// this is the most efficient known doubling formula.
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//
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// SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
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// =====================
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// For general scalar multiplication (mul, mulG), we use a 4-bit windowed method.
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// For signature verification (mulDoubleG), we use Shamir's trick combined with:
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// SCALAR MULTIPLICATION STRATEGIES
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// ================================
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// Three methods are used depending on the context:
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//
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// - GLV Endomorphism (Glv.kt): Splits each 256-bit scalar into two ~128-bit halves,
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// halving the number of doublings from 256 to ~130.
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// - wNAF-5 Encoding (Glv.kt): Encodes each half-scalar so non-zero digits are sparse
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// (separated by ≥4 zeros), reducing point additions.
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// - Mixed Addition: G-side additions use the precomputed affine table (8M+3S per add),
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// while P-side uses full Jacobian (11M+5S, avoiding expensive table inversions).
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// 1. mulG (Generator multiplication): Comb method (Hamburg 2012).
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// Arranges scalar bits into a 4×66 matrix, processes 4 rows with 11 table lookups
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// each. Only 3 doublings total. Uses a precomputed 704-entry affine table (~45KB).
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// Cost: ~43 mixed additions + 3 doublings (vs ~130 dbl for GLV+wNAF).
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// Used by: pubkeyCreate, signSchnorr.
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//
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// 2. mul (Arbitrary point multiplication): GLV endomorphism + wNAF-5 (Glv.kt).
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// Splits the 256-bit scalar into two ~128-bit halves via the secp256k1 endomorphism,
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// then processes both with wNAF encoding in a single pass of ~130 shared doublings.
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// Used by: pubKeyTweakMul (ECDH).
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//
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// 3. mulDoubleG (Verification: s·G + e·P): Strauss/Shamir trick with GLV + wNAF.
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// Splits both scalars via GLV into 4 half-scalar streams. G-side uses a precomputed
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// 64-entry affine wNAF-8 table; P-side builds a Jacobian wNAF-5 table per call.
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// All 4 streams share ~130 doublings in a single pass.
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// Used by: verifySchnorr.
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// =====================================================================================
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/**
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@@ -36,10 +36,13 @@ import com.vitorpamplona.quartz.utils.sha256.sha256
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* - [privKeyTweakAdd]: BIP-32 key derivation (NIP-06)
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* - [pubKeyTweakMul]: ECDH shared secrets (NIP-04, NIP-44)
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*
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* Performance: ~2,100 verify/s on JVM (~13× slower than the native C library).
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* Performance on JVM (vs native C/JNI secp256k1):
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* verify ~3,700 ops/s (~8×), sign ~14K ops/s (~2.3×), pubkeyCreate ~18K ops/s (~3.6×),
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* compress ~7M ops/s (2× FASTER), secKeyVerify ~6M ops/s (FASTER).
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* The gap is primarily due to JVM's lack of 128-bit integer types (forcing 8×32-bit
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* limbs instead of C's 5×52-bit) and the absence of the GLV endomorphism optimization
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* that halves the number of EC point doublings. See Point.kt for optimization notes.
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* limbs with 64 inner products per field multiply, vs C's 5×52-bit with 25).
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* All algorithmic optimizations from libsecp256k1 are implemented: GLV endomorphism,
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* wNAF encoding, Shamir's trick, comb method, and optimized addition chains.
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*/
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object Secp256k1 {
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// ==================== Cached BIP-340 tag hash prefixes ====================
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@@ -21,15 +21,18 @@
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package com.vitorpamplona.quartz.utils.secp256k1
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// =====================================================================================
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// 256-BIT ARITHMETIC AND MODULAR FIELD OPERATIONS FOR secp256k1
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// 256-BIT UNSIGNED INTEGER ARITHMETIC FOR secp256k1
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// =====================================================================================
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//
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// This file implements the foundational math needed for elliptic curve cryptography on
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// the secp256k1 curve (used by Bitcoin and Nostr). It provides:
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// This file implements the raw 256-bit unsigned integer arithmetic that underlies all
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// secp256k1 operations. It is the foundation of the secp256k1 package, which consists of:
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//
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// - U256: Raw 256-bit unsigned integer arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, compare)
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// - FieldP: Arithmetic modulo p (the field prime), used for point coordinates
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// - ScalarN: Arithmetic modulo n (the group order), used for private keys and signatures
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// - U256.kt (this file): Raw 256-bit arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, compare)
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// - FieldP.kt: Modular arithmetic mod p (field prime), for point coordinates
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// - ScalarN.kt: Modular arithmetic mod n (group order), for keys and signatures
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// - Glv.kt: GLV endomorphism and wNAF scalar encoding
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// - Point.kt: EC point operations, scalar multiplication (comb, Strauss, GLV)
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// - Secp256k1.kt: Public API (sign, verify, key operations)
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//
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// REPRESENTATION
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// ==============
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